Suite à des excès commis par les Européens en Afrique, la réputation de Léopold et son œuvre d'outre-mer sont mises en cause. Elle allait avoir 94 ans dans 2 jours. His most important legacy, however, remains the human catastrophe that the rubber forced-labour system brought to the Congo—a heritage that continued to echo in that region more than a century after Leopold’s death. Then, as they would be into the 21st century, most of the royal families of Europe were related. Charlotte meurt à 21 ans. Leopold II was born in 1835 to King Leopold I and Louise-Marie of Orleans. Le 2 juillet, la Conférence internationale de Bruxelles aboutit à un Traité qui condamne la traite et le trafic des esclaves africains et provoque le démarrage de la campagne antiesclavagiste en Afrique. Start studying French Unit 3- Questions. Le 17 décembre, Léopold prête le serment constitutionnel. Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Colette Senghor, née Hubert est décédée dans sa maison de Verson en Normandie. It was the world’s only private colony, and Leopold referred to himself as its “proprietor.”. En 1926, il épouse la princesse Astrid de Suède, nièce du roi Gustave V de Suède. Baskets of severed hands thus resulted from expeditions against rebels. Other parts of the Congo economy, from road building to chopping wood for steamboat boilers, operated by forced labour as well. He was the architect of one of history's greatest, if lesser known, crimes against humanity. L'ancienne première dame du Sénégal Colette Senghor, épouse de l'ancien président et chantre de la négritude Léopold Sédar Senghor, est décédée à l'âge de 93 ans à Verson (Calvados), a annoncé la municipalité normande. Leopold II. For some years ivory was a principal source of the great wealth that Leopold and his associates drew from the new colony. Colette Senghor, l’épouse de feu Leopold Sédar Senghor est décédée ce lundi 18 novembre dans sa demeure de Verson en Normandie. The treaties, some of which appear to have been subsequently doctored to Leopold’s liking, were then put to use by the Belgian monarch. Colette Senghor, épouse de Léopold Sédar Senghor est décédée en Normandie. To prove that he had not wasted bullets—or, worse yet, saved them for use in a mutiny—for each bullet expended, a Congolese soldier of the Force Publique had to present to his white officer the severed hand of a rebel killed. Envoyer. Leopold passe du temps avec Cora. Le 12 décembre, le Roi réunit au Palais de Bruxelles une conférence internationale de savants géographes et d'explorateurs, axée sur la découverte du centre de l'Afrique. In his novella Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, who spent six months in the Congo in 1890 as a steamboat officer, gives a searing picture of the brutal and voracious European quest for Congo ivory. Busque, Cécile, 1922 - 2001, épouse de Félicien Lapierre Busque, Emma, d. 1879 - 1964, épouse de Octave Ferland Busque, Gérard, 1932 - 1999, époux de Claudette Isabel Busque, Germaine, 1916 - 1999, épouse de Léopold Veilleux Busque, Hermance, 1918 - 2010, fille de Joseph By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Because the system’s effects in the Congo could so easily be blamed on one man, who could safely be attacked because he did not represent a great power, an international outcry focused on Leopold. Leopold II, French in full Léopold-Louis-Philippe-Marie-Victor, Dutch in full Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor, (born April 9, 1835, Brussels, Belgium—died December 17, 1909, Laeken), king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909. Léopold II crée, avec le concours de l’explorateur britannique Stanley, le Comité d'Etudes du Haut-Congo, transformé en 1879 en Association internationale du Congo. He died the following year. For five years Stanley traveled up and down the immense waterways of the Congo River basin, setting up trading posts, building roads, and persuading local chiefs—almost all of them illiterate—to sign treaties with Leopold. Although he played a significant role in the development of the modern Belgian state, he was also responsible for widespread atrocities committed under his rule against his colonial subjects. Léopold est d'abord destiné à l'état ecclésiastique, et on pense que ce sont justement les études théologiques auxquelles on le contraignit qui l'influencèrent défavorablement envers l'Église. Sa deuxième épouse. Née le 23 août 1836 à Pest en Autriche-Hongrie. Le Prince Léopold entre au Sénat, dont il est membre de droit. Dezember 1909 auf Schloss Laeken, Brüssel; eigentlich Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor, französisch Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor, niederländisch Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor) aus dem Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha war bis 1865 Herzog von Brabant[1] und Prinz von Belgien und folgte seinem Vater Leopold I. auf den Thron des Königreichs Belgien. Nothing about Leopold II’s youth suggested a future mass murderer. Leopold II implemented a forced-labour system in the Congo that was quickly copied by other European colonial powers. Au cours de son éducation, il ne s’attache qu’aux matières qui l’intéressent et parmi celles-ci, il n’apprécie vraiment que la géographie. En 1815, il acquiert la nationalité anglaise et épouse l’année suivante la princesse héritière Charlotte. La même année, le Parlement consent à ce que Léopold II soit chef de l'Etat du Congo. Léopold épouse Madame Lilian Baels, qui portera le titre de Princesse de Rethy. Throughout the tropics, people rushed to sow rubber trees, but those plants could take many years to reach maturity, and in the meantime there was money to be made wherever rubber grew wild. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-II-king-of-Belgium, The Belgian Monarchy - Chronobiography of King Leopold I, Leopold II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Fût l'épouse du roi Léopold III , le 11 septembre 1941. Devenu roi en 1951, Baudouin (à gauche) aurait entretenu une liaison avec sa belle-mère, la princesse Lilian (à droite), épouse de Léopold III (au centre). En 1832, il lui faut convoler pour assurer le futur de sa dynastie et obtenir des appuis à l'étranger. Le 2 mai 1816, Léopold épouse Charlotte de Galles, fille unique du futur roi George IV. The royal coffers would become a central focus of Leopold’s life, and he once grumbled to German Emperor William II while watching a parade in Berlin, “There is really nothing left for us kings except money!” Leopold soon decided that the best way to acquire wealth would be by establishing an African colony, at a time when the great European “Scramble for Africa” was under way. Décédée le 19 septembre 1902 à Spa. La Princesse Elisabeth, Duchesse de Brabant. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Map of Central Africa from the 10th edition of the. Après la guerre il est envoyé en Californie pour y parachever ses études. The Belgian Monarchy website requires javascript to work properly. Léopold est fou amoureux, destiné à devenir prince consort de Grande-Bretagne. Décédée le 07 novembre 2002. Omissions? Le 17 décembre, Léopold prête le serment constitutionnel. afp, le 19/11/2019 à 10:57; Lecture en 2 min. No one will ever know the precise figures, but, from all these causes, demographers estimate that between 1880 and 1920 the population of the Congo may have been slashed by up to 50 percent, from perhaps 20 million people at the beginning of that period to an estimated 10 million at the end. Belgijski, kralj Belgijcev, * 9. april 1835, Bruselj, Belgija, † 17. december 1909, Laeken, Bruselj, Belgija.. Bil je drugi monarh Kraljevine Belgije po pridobitvi neodvisnosti leta 1830 in prvi, ki se je rodil na ozemlju države. The king then embarked on an ultimately successful effort to make a vast fortune from his new possession. With women as hostages and men forced to tap rubber, few able-bodied adults were left to hunt, fish, and cultivate crops. La Conférence de Berlin reconnaît l'Etat indépendant du Congo, dont Léopold II devient le Souverain. Several years later he hired the explorer Henry Morton Stanley to be his man in Africa. Historical map of the Belgian Congo (1908–60). Most of the monarchs in western Europe had been forced to largely yield political power to the electorate by the late 19th century, so Belgium’s parliament and cabinet were the real locus of power, but Leopold used the prestige of the monarchy to lobby for pet projects. (Bruxelles le 15 mars 1950). He spoke contemptuously of Belgium’s small size, could not speak proper Dutch, the native language of more than half of its citizens, spent long winters in luxurious quarters on the French Riviera, and was estranged from two of his three daughters. By 1908, Leopold II had no choice but to cede his land to the Belgian government. By the end of his life, Leopold was unpopular with his people, but, ironically, that had much less to do with his actions in Africa than with his conduct of his personal life. Le 9 avril, naissance à Bruxelles de Léopold, Louis, Philippe, Marie, Victor, fils de Léopold Ier et de Louise-Marie. Unusually for his time, he opposed capital punishment and abolished it in Tuscany in 1786 during his rule there, making it the first nation in modern history to do so. Son épouse, la trop sage Louise-Marie d'Orléans, doit vite composer avec ses maîtresses. Le Roi institue une commission internationale d'enquête, qui reconnaît les mérites de l'action royale au Congo, tout en relevant des abus et des lacunes. Leopold, however, made the Belgian government pay him for his prized possession. ("Remonter le Temps") Alors que Leopold est sur le point de devenir le Roi, il se balade dans le jardin du palais royal et vient en aide à Cora, une simple paysanne venant d'être rejetée par le jardinier.Plus tard, tous deux se baladent en forêt et Leopold s'avoue embarrassé de ne pas savoir allumer de feu pour la réchauffer. Le 22 août, il épouse Marie-Henriette de Habsbourg-Lorraine, Archiduchesse d'Autriche. À Bruxelles, il est à l'origine de l'édification des serres royales de Laeken , du parc et des arcades du Cinquantenaire, du tracé de l'avenue de Tervuren, du musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale à Tervuren, de la création de parcs publics comme le parc Duden, et de la transformation du palais royal de Bruxelles. A worldwide rubber boom was under way, kicked off by the invention of the inflatable bicycle tire and spurred on by the rise of the automobile and the use of rubber in industrial belts and gaskets, as well as in coating for telephone and telegraph wires. Il guide les premiers pas de sa nièce Victoria, quand elle monte sur le trône d'Angleterre en 1837, et se félicite de ce qu'elle épouse son cousin Albert de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, le fils de son frère aîné. Because his only son had predeceased him, Leopold’s nephew Albert I succeeded to the throne. In 1853 he married Marie-Henriette, daughter of the Austrian archduke Joseph, palatine of Hungary, and became king of the Belgians on his father’s death in December 1865. Leopold II. He became duke of Brabant in 1846 and served in the Belgian army. The forced-labour system for gathering rubber was swiftly copied by French, German, and Portuguese colonial officials with equally fatal results. Von 1865 bis 1909 war … The couple's first son, Louis Philippe, died in infancy prior to Leopold II's birth. Colette Senghor, l'épouse de l'ancien président sénégalais Léopold Sédar Senghor est décédée Elle allait avoir 94 ans dans 2 jours. Ils eurent quatre enfants : Louise-Marie (1858-1924), Léopold (1859-1869), Stéphanie (1864-1945), Clémentine (1872-1955). 1944. Tens of thousands of others were shot down in failed rebellions against the regime. This brutal practice was a catastrophe for the population of the Congo, and Leopold was eventually forced to give up his hold on the colony. Ainsi, elle rejoint son mari Léopold Sédar Senghor, lui-même décédé le 20 décembre 2001 à l’âge de 95 ans.Colette, née le 20 novembre 1925 à Mouzay (Meuse), elle épouse, le 18 octobre 1957, Léopold Sédar Senghor, […] Le Règne de Léopold II. Aware that Belgian neutrality, maintained during the Franco-German War (1870–71), was imperilled by the increasing strength of France and Germany, he persuaded parliament in 1887 to finance the fortification of Liège and Namur. Moreover, he had a well-known penchant for teenaged girls, and, when he was age 65, he began a liaison with a teenaged former prostitute who bore him two additional children. As the price of rubber soared, the quotas increased, and as vines near a village were drained dry, men desperate to free their wives and daughters would have to walk days or weeks to find new vines to tap. L'ancienne première dame du Sénégal Colette Senghor, épouse de l'ancien président et chantre de la négritude Léopold Sédar Senghor, est décédée à l'âge de 93 ans à Verson (Calvados), a annoncé la municipalité normande. En août 1935, sa femme décède dans un accident d'automobile (Léopold qui était au volant du véhicule est lui-même blessé). Keen on establishing Belgium as an imperial power, he led the first European efforts to develop the Congo River basin, making possible the formation in 1885 of the Congo Free State, annexed in 1908 as the Belgian Congo and now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Arolsen Klebeband 01 307 1.jpg 505 × 707; 374 KB. Trois enfants naissent de ce mariage : Alexandre, Marie-Christine et Marie-Esmeralda. Fût l'épouse de Léopold II en 1853. 1865. One lucrative source of wild rubber was the Landolphia vines in the great Central African rainforest, and no one owned more of that area than Leopold. Detachments of his 19,000-man private army, the Force Publique, would march into a village and hold the women hostage, forcing the men to scatter into the rainforest and gather a monthly quota of wild rubber. Partager sur Facebook. Le 14 décembre, le Roi signe la loi sur le service militaire obligatoire. Mary Lillian Henriette Lucie Joséphine Gislaine Baels. If a soldier fired at someone and missed, or used a bullet to shoot game, he then sometimes cut off the hand of a living victim to be able to show it to his officer. Ils eurent quatre enfants : Louise-Marie (1858-1924), Léopold (1859-1869), Stéphanie (1864-1945), Clémentine (1872-1955). Updates? Although Belgium’s government felt that colonies would be an extravagance for a small country with no navy or merchant marine, that situation suited Leopold perfectly. Tens, possibly hundreds, of thousands of Congolese fled their villages to avoid being impressed as forced labourers, and they sought refuge deep in the forest, where there was little food and shelter. Consultez les plus récents avis de décès publiés sur le Web par les maisons funéraires Canadiennes. For thousands of years, that territory had been conquered by nearby Netherlands, France, Germany, and Luxembourg. Furthermore, as in any society where men and women are separated, traumatized, or in flight as refugees, the birth rate dropped precipitously. Many of the women hostages starved, and many of the male rubber gatherers were worked to death. Presenting himself as a philanthropist eager to bring the benefits of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce to African natives—a guise that he perpetuated for many years—Leopold hosted an international conference of explorers and geographers at the royal palace in Brussels in 1876. One particularly notorious practice grew out of the suppression of those rebellions. In 1870 more than 80 percent of Africa south of the Sahara was under the rule of indigenous chiefs or kings. Although the domestic affairs of his reign were dominated by a growing conflict between the Liberal and Catholic parties over suffrage and education issues, Leopold concentrated on developing the country’s defenses. April 1835 in Brüssel; 17. While Leopold II did much to establish Belgium as an economically and militarily stable power in Europe, he is chiefly remembered for the nightmarish practices that were carried out in his name. Initially he was most interested in ivory, a material that was greatly valued in the days before plastics because it could be carved into a great variety of shapes—statuettes, jewelry, piano keys, false teeth, and more. Plus de 450 nécrologies ajoutées chaque jour. Le 7 juin, lendemain du débarquement des troupes alliées sur le Continent, le Roi et sa famille sont déportés vers l'Allemagne et … Le Prince Léopold entre au Sénat, dont il est membre de droit. Born the heir to Belgium’s throne in 1835, he spent his days doing all of the things a European prince would be expected to do before ascending to the throne of a minor state: learning to ride and shoot, taking part in state ceremonies, getting appointed to the army, marrying an Austrian princess, and so on. Léopold III. Leopold II was the second son of Leopold I, first king of the Belgians, and his second wife, Marie-Louise of Orléans. Il meurt trois jours plus tard. 1876 The effects were devastating. Après la guerre il est envoyé en Californie pour y parachever ses études. Their family life was dysfunctional, to say the least. The country of Belgium itself was only about five years old at the birth of Leopold II, who became the eldest surviving son of Leopold I, first king of the Belgians, and his second wife, Louise-Marie of Orléans. En février 1934, il succède à son père qui vient de mourir accidentellement au cours d'une escalade. Forty years later virtually all of it had been transformed into European colonies, protectorates, or territories ruled by white settlers. Millions of Congolese then found themselves suffering near-famine, which made them vulnerable to diseases they otherwise might have survived. By the early 1890s a new source of riches had appeared. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. (* 9. Hélas, Charlotte meurt en couches après avoir mis au monde un enfant mort-né. That pressure finally forced him to relinquish his ownership of the territory, and it became the Belgian Congo in 1908. Il deviendra le 1e roi des Belges. Eût le titre de princesse de Réthy. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Envoyer par mail. He called it État Indépendant du Congo, the Congo Free State. They were a newly independent country that had yet to form a unique national identity.Leopold II had two younger siblings called Phillipe and Charlotte. Il en sortira (1877) une "association internationale pour la civilisation et l'exploration de l'Afrique centrale". For instance, Leopold II was a first cousin of Queen Victoria of Britain. Le roi Léopold 1er de Belgique met ses relations familiales au service du royaume et de la paix. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Il est le fils aîné du fondateur de la dynastie belge, Léopold 1er et de Louise-Marie, fille du roi de France Louis-Philippe. Léopold II est surnommé le \"Roi-bâtisseur\" car il a transformé des villes comme Bruxelles ou Ostende. Le 22 août, il épouse Marie-Henriette de Habsbourg-Lorraine, Archiduchesse d'Autriche. Décès de Colette Senghor, épouse de Léopold Sédar Senghor Publié le 2019-11-19 | Le Nouvelliste L'ancienne première dame du Sénégal Colette Senghor, épouse de l'ancien président et chantre de la négritude Léopold Sédar Senghor, est décédée à l'âge de 93 … Although Leopold II established Belgium as a colonial power in Africa, he is best known for the widespread atrocities that were carried out under his rule, as a result of which as many as 10 million people died in the Congo Free State. Léopold III est le fils du roi des Belges Albert Ier et d'Élisabeth de B, encore adolescent il sert comme soldat dans l'infanterie. Le 19 septembre, décès, à Spa, de la Reine Marie-Henriette. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Le futur roi Léopold II naît à Bruxelles le 9 avril 1835. Leopold II, French in full Léopold-Louis-Philippe-Marie-Victor, Dutch in full Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor, (born April 9, 1835, Brussels, Belgium—died December 17, 1909, Laeken), king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909. Le 29 août 1935, la reine Astrid, épouse du roi des Belges Léopold III et maman de trois jeunes enfants, mourrait dans un accident de voiture en Suisse, à l’âge de 29 ans. Léopold I er, connu auparavant sous le nom de Léopold Georges Chrétien Frédéric de Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfeld, né le 16 décembre 1790 à Cobourg (en Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfeld) et mort le 10 décembre 1865 au château de Laeken (en Belgique), est un prince allemand de la maison de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha devenu le premier roi des Belges en 1831 et le fondateur de la dynastie régnant sur la Belgique. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. He persuaded first the United States and then all the major nations of western Europe to recognize a huge swath of Central Africa—roughly the same territory as the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo—as his personal property. Pour Léopold, c’était l’espoir de pouvoir participer aux destinées de l’empire le plus puissant du monde. La loi du 18 octobre fait de l'Etat indépendant du Congo une colonie de la Belgique. They were the very first royal family of Belgium, because the country was just 5 years old. Née le 28 novembre 1916 à Londres. He is remembered in Belgium for some of what he built with his Congo wealth, such as the monumental Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, and for his advocacy of strong fortifications in the eastern part of the country, which slowed the advance of German troops in 1914 at the beginning of World War I.