On additions and embellishments made to the building by the Aghlabid emir Abu Ibrahim, Ibn Nagi gives the following account: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, « He built in the mosque of Kairouan the cupola that rises over the entrance to the central nave, together with the two colonnades which flank it from both sides, and the galleries were paved by him. The library window is marked by an elegant setting that has two columns flanking the opening, which is a horseshoe arch topped by six blind arches and crowned by a series of berms sawtooth.[86]. Elle a servi de modèle aux autres mosquées de … 45, n°1, pages 103 and 105, 2007, Okba Ibn Nafaa Mosque in Kairouan (Mosque of Uqba) website, Panoramic visit of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, Sacred Destinations : Great Mosque of Kairouan, Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara Mediterranean Heritage), Video of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan&oldid=995123092, 7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate, Articles with dead external links from June 2020, Articles with dead external links from September 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from October 2017, Articles with dead external links from April 2019, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Enclosure and gates of the Mosque of Uqba, This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 10:21. Their colorful multitude gives the eye the impression of unlimited". It is one of the oldest places of worship in the Islamic world, and is a model for all later mosques in the Maghreb. À peine sortis du louage, le taxi collectif de la Tunisie, nous avons pu admirer la muraille de la médina. Paris, 1908, It consists of three tapering levels, the last of which is topped with a small ribbed dome that was most probably built later than the rest of the tower. La grande mosquée de Kairouan. Among the authors who have written on the subject and whose stories have survived[31] are Al-Bakri (Andalusian geographer and historian who died in 1094 and who devoted a sufficiently detailed account of the history of the mosque in his book Description of Septentrional Africa), Al-Nuwayri (historian who died in Egypt, 1332) and Ibn Nagi (scholar and historian of Kairouan who died around 1435). La grande mosquée de Kairouan se trouve à Kairouan, en Tunisie.Elle a été bâtie dans la seconde moitié du VIIe siècle par Obka ibn Nafi, le fondateur de la ville.Elle a été reconstruite au IX e siècle pendant la dynastie aghlabide.. Aujourd’hui, le minbar est intégré au mur de la qibla lors de la construction. page 404, Henri Saladin, Tunis et Kairouan, Their edges, obtained from the lower parts of ancient cored columns,[47] support the string grooves back the buckets. It is bordered on each side of a double row of arches rested on twin columns and surmounted by a carved plaster decoration consisting of floral and geometric patterns. [13] Despite the austere façades, the rhythmic patterns of buttresses and towering porches, some surmounted by cupolas, give the sanctuary a sense of striking sober grandeur. The latter, which its hemispherical cap is cut by 24 concave grooves radiating around the top,[75] is based on ridged horns shaped shell and a drum pierced by eight circular windows which are inserted between sixteen niches grouped by two. [39] Despite its construction at the end of the thirteenth century, Bab Lalla Rihana blends well with all of the building mainly dating from the ninth century. It is formed by an oven-shaped niche framed by two marble columns and topped by a painted wooden half-cupola. La mosquée, monument symbolisant l'extension territoriale de l'Islam. Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, vantail de la grande porte de la salle de prière.jpg 1,067 × 1,600; 2.75 MB Grande Mosquée Kairouan 3.jpg 3,086 × 4,115; 9.45 MB Great Mosque Kairouan Columns Prayer Hall.jpg 2,572 × 1,710; 624 KB [58][76] The niches are covered with carved stone panels, finely adorned with characteristic geometric, vegetal and floral patterns of the Aghlabid decorative repertoire: shells, cusped arches, rosettes, vine-leaf, etc. Voici un fichier Word qui présente, à l’aide de plusieurs photographies, la grande mosquée de Kairouan. In the history of Art, its three-storey minaret is considered such a masterpiece and a model among the most prestigious monuments of Muslim architecture. The dome of the mihrab is based on an octagonal drum with slightly concave sides, raised on a square base, decorated on each of its three southern, Easter and western faces with five flat-bottomed niches surmounted by five semi-circular arches,[24][58] the niche in the middle is cut by a lobed oculus enrolled in a circular frame. Abstract. [13][14], At the foundation of Kairouan in 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba ibn Nafi (himself the founder of the city) chose the site of his mosque in the center of the city, near the headquarters of the governor. [11] This location corresponded originally to the heart of the urban fabric of the city founded by Uqba ibn Nafi. These are the oldest fund of Maliki legal literature to have survived.[87]. The coating around them is decorated with blue plant motifs dating from the eighteenth century or the first half of the nineteenth century. [49] The first and second stories are surmounted by rounded merlons which are pierced by arrowslits. Présentation a) La mosquée Nom : mosquée de Kairouan ou mosquée Oqba Ibn Nafi en souvenir de son fondateur. La mosquée est le lieu de culte des musulmans.L'appel du muezzin invite les fidèles à venir y prier cinq fois par jour.La prière collective se déroule sous la direction d'un religieux lettré, l' imam, choisi pour son niveau de connaissances religieuses, Le terme signifie « celui qui est devant, celui qui montre la voie ». These polycandelons, now scattered in various Tunisian museums including Raqqada, consist of three chains supporting a perforated brass plate, which has a central circular ring around which radiate 18 equidistant poles connected by many horseshoe arches and equipped for each of two landmarks flared. Carefully executed in relief, it represents one of the most beautiful epigraphic bands of Islamic art. Fondée en même temps que la ville de Kairouan par les conquérants (ghuzât) musulmans, en l’an 50 de l’Hégire (670 ap. Established by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi in the year 50 AH (670AD/CE) at the founding of the city of Kairouan, the mosque occupies an area of over 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft). [25] In 875 Emir Ibrahim II built another three bays, thereby reducing the size of the courtyard which was further limited on the three other sides by the addition of double galleries. Au milieu du xixe siècle, la ville de Kairouan (Madînat al-Qayrawân) était formée de six quartiers dont la moitié était située intra-muros. [22][23] At the same time, the mihrab's ribbed dome was raised on squinches. [Georges Marçais] Home. En nous approchant davantage, un homme qui passe par là… nous propose de nous guider jusqu’à la mosquée. The university, consisting of scholars who taught in the mosque, was a centre of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences. This reflects the fact that, unlike the rest of the mosque, the enclosure has undergone significant changes to ensure the stability of the building (adding many buttresses). »[22]. The Great Mosque of Kairouan (Arabic: جامع القيروان الأكبر ‎), also known as the Mosque of Uqba (جامع عقبة بن نافع), is a mosque situated in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Kairouan, Tunisia and is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in North Africa.. Jewel of the art of woodwork produced during the reign of the Zirid prince Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis and dated from the first half of the eleventh century, it is considered the oldest still in place in the Islamic world. [50] There are stone blocks from the Roman period that bear Latin inscriptions. [56] Despite its massive form and austere decoration, it nevertheless presents a harmonious structure and a majestic appearance. Considered as the oldest example of concave mihrab, it dates in its present state to 862–863 AD.[79]. La Mosquée de Barb[er,] Kairouan Summary Courtyard of the Mosque of the Barber, Qayrawān, Tunisia. Imp… ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á M ø¿ § bjbjâ=â= ß] €W €W œ This porch of seven metres high is topped with a square base upon which rests a semi-spherical ribbed dome; the latter is ribbed with sharp-edged ribs. This valuable collection, observed from the late nineteenth century by the French orientalists Octave Houdas and René Basset who mention in their report on their scientific mission in Tunisia published in the Journal of African correspondence in 1882, comprises according to the inventory established at the time of the Hafsids (circa 1293–1294) several Qur'ans and books of fiqh that concern mainly the Maliki fiqh and its sources. [12], During the thirteenth century, new gates were opened, the most remarkable, Bab Lalla Rihana dated from 1293, is located on the eastern wall of the enclosure. ÐÏࡱá > þÿ þÿÿÿ Structurally given the soft grounds subject to compaction, the buttressed towers added stability to the entire mosque. Mosquee Kairouan de Al-Qayrawan ouvert maintenant. Fig. [85] Its main adornment is a frieze that crowns calligraphy, the latter surmounted by a line of pointed openwork merlons, features an inscription in flowery kufic character carved on the background of interlacing plants. [42] The great central arch of the south portico, is flanked on each side by six rhythmically arranged horseshoe arches, which fall on twin columns backed by pillars. A portico with double row of arches precede the spacious prayer hall, which takes the shape of a rectangle of 70.6 metres in width and 37.5 metres' depth. [20], Under the rule of the Aghlabid dynasty, Kairouan was at its apogee, and the mosque profited from this period of stability and prosperity. Their use probably dates to the work done under the Umayyad governor Bishr ibn Safwan in about 725 AD, and they have been reused at the base of the tower. The Mosque of Uqba, one of the few religious buildings of Islam has remained intact almost all of its architectural and decorative elements, is due to the richness of its repertoire which is a veritable museum of Islamic decorative art and architecture. The intermediary area, the dodecagonal drum of the dome, is pierced by sixteen small rectangular windows set into rounded niches. Des mots aux modes de spatialisation Â», Enceinte et porches de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, Hichem Djaït, « L’Afrique arabe au VIII, Fondation de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan. À travers le monde musulman, les mosquées sont toutes bâties sur ce plan, même si la décoration varie. Lucien Golvin, « Quelques réflexions sur la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan à la période des Aghlabides Â». Thus, the mosque, headquarters of a prestigious university with a large library containing a large number of scientific and theological works, was the most remarkable intellectual and cultural centre in North Africa during the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. [12] The front façade of the porch has a large horseshoe arch relied on two marble columns and surmounted by a frieze adorned with a blind arcade, all crowned by serrated merlons (in a sawtooth arrangement). Fondée en 670, la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan est un des plus prestigieux sanctuaires musulmans au monde. 1. [83] Probably made by cabinetmakers of Kairouan (some researchers also refer to Baghdad), it consists of an assembly of more than 300 finely carved wood pieces with an exceptional ornamental wealth (vegetal and geometric patterns refer to the Umayyad and Abbasid models), among which about 90 rectangular panels carved with plenty of pine cones, grape leaves, thin and flexible stems, lanceolate fruits and various geometric shapes (squares, diamonds, stars, etc.). [82] Among all the pulpits of the Muslim world, it is certainly the oldest example of minbar still preserved today. L' INP lance un Appel d'Offres International pour la restauration de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan et ses abords.Le Gouvernement Tunisien a obtenu un don dans le cadre de l'appui au domaine du patrimoine par le Fond saoudien pour le développement "FSD" et conformément aux dispositions et aux conditions du mémorandum en date du 27 juillet 2017 conclu entre ce partenaire et la … [60] The wooden rods, which usually sink to the base of the transom, connect the columns together and maintain the spacing of the arches, thus enhancing the stability of all structures which support the ceiling of the prayer hall.[74]. The courtyard façade (or south façade) of the tower is pierced with windows that provide light and ventilation,[52] while the other three façades—facing north, east and west—are pierced with small openings in the form of arrowslits. This dome, whose construction goes back to the first half of the ninth century (towards 836), is one of the oldest and most remarkable domes in the western Islamic world. Les décorateurs ont donc eu recours à des figures géométriques répétées à l'infini et de couleurs variées. He then made the mihrab. Fondée en même temps que la ville de Kairouan par les conquérants (ghuzât) musulmans, en l’an 50 de l’Hégire (670 ap. Situation: Kairouan en Tunisie (Maghreb) Dates de construction: début en 670, fin au IX° siècle Architecte : inconnu. Among the finest works of this series, the pages of the Blue Qur'an, currently exhibited at Raqqada National Museum of Islamic Art, from a famous Qur'an in the second half of the fourth century of the Hegira (the tenth century) most of which is preserved in Tunisia and the rest scattered in museums and private collections worldwide. Le minbar de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan est le plus ancien minbar du monde musulman toujours conservé in situ ; il date du IX e siècle (vers 862) [74], [75]. [48] The minaret, in its present aspect, dates largely from the early ninth century, about 836 AD. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. [52][57], View of the second and third storeys of the minaret, Close view of one of the Roman stones (with Latin inscriptions) reused at the base of the minaret, Wall and windows of the south facade of the minaret, The Mosque has several domes, the largest being over the mihrab and the entrance to the prayer hall from the courtyard. [60], View of the gallery which precedes the prayer hall, One of the seventeen carved-wood doors of the prayer hall, Close view of the upper part of the main door of the prayer hall, View of the central nave of the prayer hall, View of two of the secondary naves of the prayer hall, View of the mihrab located in the middle of the qibla wall of the prayer hall, In the prayer hall, the 414 columns of marble, granite or porphyry[69] (among more than 500 columns in the whole mosque),[70] taken from ancient sites in the country such as Sbeitla, Carthage, Hadrumetum and Chemtou,[60] support the horseshoe arches. Kairouan. Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda, « Kairouan (Tunisia) Â», Présentation de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan (ArchNet), Plafonds de la salle de prière de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara), Minbar of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara), "Maqsura of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara)", Circular chandelier (Discover Islamic Art), Nurdin Laugu, « The Roles of Mosque Libraries through History Â», Al-Jami‘ah, vol. Contributor: Soler, F. Date: 1880 [12] The monumental entrance, work of the Hafsid sovereign Abu Hafs `Umar ibn Yahya (reign from 1284 to 1295),[38] is entered in a salient square, flanked by ancient columns supporting horseshoe arches and covered by a dome on squinches. La Grande mosquée de Kairouan prônait un islam tolérant, très imprégné de la doctrine malékite. [12] The corner towers measuring 4.25 metres on each side are buttressed with solid projecting supports. It was rebuilt by the Ghassanid general Hasan ibn al-Nu'man in 703. Editions Henri Laurens, Most of the works on which rests the reputation of the mosque are still conserved in situ while a certain number of them have joined the collections of the Raqqada National Museum of Islamic Art; Raqqada is located about ten kilometres southwest of Kairouan. Etude de cas : La Grande Mosquée de Damas. During this period, the Great Mosque of Kairouan was both a place of prayer and a centre for teaching Islamic sciences under the Maliki current. ! The stories concern mainly the different phases of construction and expansion of the sanctuary, and the successive contributions of many princes to the interior decoration (mihrab, minbar, ceilings, etc.). It was under his auspices that the construction of the minaret began. Malgré le transfert de la capitale politique à Tunis au XII e siècle, Kairouan est restée la première ville sainte du Maghreb. From the library of the mosque comes a large collection of calligraphic scrolls and manuscripts, the oldest dating back to the second half of the ninth century. However given the natural lay of the land crossed by several tributaries of the wadis, the urban development of the city spread southwards. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Centre italien d’études du haut Moyen Âge, Lucien Golvin, « Le mihrab de Kairouan Â», Kunst des Orients, vol. 1–38, History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes, Great Mosque of Kairouan (discoverislamicart.org), Great Mosque of Kairouan – Kairouan, Tunisia, Kairouan – UNESCO World Heritage Centre, The Great Mosque (kairouan-cci2009.nat.tn). Wooden brackets offer a wide variety of style and decor in the shape of a crow or a grasshopper with wings or fixed, they are characterised by a setting that combines floral painted or carved, with grooves. Le long de ce mur, à l’intérieur de la salle de prière, sont indiqués deux éléments architecturaux fondamentaux dans une mosquée :- le mihrab, niche symbolisant la présence de Mahomet ;- le mimbar, endroit où est lu le [44], View of the courtyard on the side of the prayer hall facade, Porch topped with a ribbed dome rising in the middle of the south portico of the courtyard, Courtyard seen from one of the arched galleries, Portico located on the eastern side of the courtyard, Interior view of the eastern portico of the courtyard, Interior view of the western portico of the courtyard. [8] Its role at the time can be compared to that of the University of Paris in the Middle Ages. In 836, Emir Ziyadat Allah I reconstructed the mosque once more:[21] this is when the building acquired, at least in its entirety, its current appearance. Bien que la représentation figurée ne soit pas interdite dans le Coran, elle ne trouve pas sa place dans les mosquées1. L’université zaytounienne et la société tunisienne, [51], The interior includes a staircase of 129 steps, surmounted by a barrel vault, which gives access to the terraces and the first tier of the minaret. Grande Mosquée de Kairouan - J-A Brutails - Université Bordeaux Montaigne - 1692.jpg 3,140 × 4,509; 1.05 MB Kairouan Minaret (39733812671).jpg 1,024 × 768; 159 KB Vue aérienne de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan - aerial view of Kairouan's Great Mosque.jpg 1,700 × 949; 1.2 MB SFCG_Tunisia 5,257 views. From the outside, the Great Mosque of Kairouan is a fortress-like building with its 1.90 metres thick massive ocher walls, a composite of well-worked stones with intervening courses of rubble stone and baked bricks. The covering of the prayer hall consists of painted ceilings decorated with vegetal motifs and two domes: one raised at the beginning of the central nave and the other in front of the mihrab. According to the German archaeologist Christian Ewert, the special arrangement of reused columns and capitals surrounding the mihrab obeys to a well-defined program and would draw symbolically the plan of the Dome of the Rock. [40][41] It is surrounded on all its four sides by a portico with double rows of arches, opened by slightly horseshoe arches supported by columns in various marbles, in granite or in porphyry, reused from Roman, Early Christian or Byzantine monuments particularly from Carthage. Thus, some entries have been sealed, while others were kept. The rainwater collector or impluvium, probably the work of the Muradid Bey Mohamed Bey al-Mouradi (1686–1696), is an ingenious system that ensures the capture (with the slightly sloping surface of the courtyard) then filtering stormwater at a central basin furnished with horseshoe arches sculpted in white marble. Dans la partie gauche du plan on trouve la salle de prière. Son plan copie celui de la maison de Mahomet à Médine.. Elle comprend différentes parties : The three chains, connected by a suspension ring, are each fixed to the plate by an almond-shaped finial. Near its centre is an horizontal sundial, bearing an inscription in naskhi engraved on the marble dating from 1258 AH (which corresponds to the year 1843) and which is accessed by a little staircase; it determines the time of prayers. English: Interior view of the portico located on the western side of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia. In addition to its spiritual prestige,[3] the Mosque of Uqba is one of the masterpieces of Islamic architecture,[4][5][6] notable among other things for the first Islamic use of the horseshoe arch. Fondée en 670, la ville de Kairouan a prospéré sous la dynastie aghlabide, au IX e siècle. Le plan de la mosquée reprend le plan de la maison de Mahomet à Médine. [45] The northern part of the courtyard is paved with flagstones while the rest of the floor is almost entirely composed of white marble slabs. From the eighteenth century, the French doctor and naturalist John Andrew Peyssonnel, conducting a study trip to 1724, during the reign of sovereign Al-Husayn Bey I, underlines the reputation of the mosque as a deemed centre of religious and secular studies: « The Great Mosque is dedicated to Uqba, where there is a famous college where we will study the remotest corners of this kingdom : are taught reading and writing of Arabic grammar, laws and religion. The wall of the mihrab is covered with 28 panels of white marble, carved and pierced, which have a wide variety of plant and geometric patterns including the stylised grape leaf, the flower and the shell. J-C.), la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan (al-Jama’ al-kabîr) est le plus ancien lieu de culte de l’Occident musulman. The height difference is compensated by the development of variable bases, capitals and crossbeams; a number of these crossbeams are in cedar wood. [64], Enlightened by impressive chandeliers which are applied in countless small glass lamps,[65] the nave opens into the south portico of the courtyard by a monumental delicately carved wooden door, made in 1828 under the reign of the Husainids. Je laisse Lamaâ gérer ça pendant que je commence à filmer ! »[36], Today, the enclosure of the Great Mosque of Kairouan is pierced by nine gates (six opening on the courtyard, two opening on the prayer hall and a ninth allows access to the maqsura) some of them, such as Bab Al-Ma (gate of water) located on the western façade, are preceded by salient porches flanked by buttresses and surmounted by ribbed domes based on square tholobate which are porting squinches with three vaults. [84] This old chair of the ninth century is still in its original location, next to the mihrab. [58] From the outside, the dome of the mihrab is based on an octagonal drum with slightly concave sides, raised on a square base, decorated on each of its three southern, Easter and western faces with five flat-bottomed niches surmounted by five semi-circular arches,[24][58] the niche in the middle is cut by a lobed oculus enrolled in a circular frame. [39], Wall and porches on the west facade (south side), Close view of one of the entrances of the west facade, View of the middle of the southern facade, Gate of Bab Lalla Rihana (late thirteenth century), Close view of the lower part of Bab Lalla Rihana, Blind arcade decorating the upper part of Bab Lalla Rihana. This collection is a unique source for studying the history and evolution of calligraphy of medieval manuscripts in the Maghreb, covering the period from the ninth to the eleventh century. C’est un monument situé à l’extérieur de la médina de Kairouan, il est idéalement placé à l’entrée de la ville de sorte qu’il attire forcément les regards.