Brother of Adelaide of Normandy, Countess Of Aumale He rewarded his Norman and French followers by distributing the confiscated lands of the English to them. Orderic Vitalis says that Adelaide "a most fair maiden vowed herself to God when she reached marriageable age and made a pious end under the protection of Roger of Beaumont"[46]. C'est dans cet esprit que l’historien et romancier Patrick Wéber l'a adaptée en planches, laissant le graphisme d’EmanueleTenderini donner un souffle moderne, mais non moins épique, à l'épopée de Guillaume le Conquérant. William could suppress these, but Edgar fled to Scotland where Malcolm III of Scotland protected him. William is said to have eliminated the native aristocracy in as little as four years. Le roi d'Angleterre Édouard le Confesseur, né en 1004, règne depuis 1042. He succeeded his father in 1035 as GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. Les Normands débarquent finalement le 28 septembre à Pevensey, dans le Sussex. He began to build an invasion fleet to take by force what he considered to be his by right. Edwin et Morcar se soumettent à nouveau au Conquérant, tandis que Gospatrick s'enfuit en Écosse, tout comme Edgar Ætheling et sa famille, qui étaient peut-être impliqués dans ces révoltes[56]. ...The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle... gave a favorable review of William's twenty-one year reign, but added, ...His anxiety for money is the only thing on which he can deservedly be blamed; . See also Wikipedia on The Norman Conquest of England Meanwhile, William submitted his claim to the English throne to Pope Alexander II, who sent him a consecrated banner in support. Guillaume parvient à acheter le départ du roi danois en échange du versement d'un nouveau danegeld[62]. Two days after the battle, William landed unopposed at Pevensey and spent the next two weeks pillaging the area and strengthening his position on the beachhead. In 1085 started Domesday Book. En 1072, Guillaume conduit une invasion du royaume d'Écosse par terre et par mer qui aboutit à la conclusion du traité d'Abernethy entre les deux souverains. [1][notes 1] He was born the grandnephew of Queen Emma of Normandy, wife of King Ethelred the Unready and later, wife of King Canute the Great. LA 1066 POUR LA FIN D'ANNÉE Pour respecter la règle des 6 personnes à table pour les fêtes de fin d'année, on a exactement ce qu'il vous faut le coffret "Bières des Normands" avec 6 bières d'excellence bio et normandes (2 blondes, 2 ambrées et 2 IPA) Retrouvez … He landed at Portsmouth in 1102 aiming to displace his brother King Henry I as king of England, but was persuaded to return to Normandy on payment of 3,000 marks[31]. ROBERT de Normandie (Normandy [1052/54]-Cardiff Castle [3] Feb 1134, bur Gloucester Cathedral[22]). In 1072, he invaded Scotland, defeating Malcolm, who had recently invaded the north of England. In mid September, Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, invaded England, accompanied by Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, Harold's unruly and discontented brother, who had earlier been banished and his earldom confiscated. The Norman army was thus forced to attack uphill, placing them at a disadvantage. Guillaume et Harald rassemblent leurs forces respectives pour envahir le royaume qu'ils estiment leur revenir de droit[10]. Il reste quelques mois en Angleterre avant de rentrer en Normandie au mois de mars 1067, emmenant avec lui plusieurs otages anglais, parmi lesquels Stigand, Morcar, Edwin, Edgar et Waltheof[50]. [12][13] Furthermore, the original Anglo-Saxon culture of England became mingled with the Norman one; thus the Anglo-Norman culture came into being. Comte de Maine 1063, after he conquered the county. Les rois anglais gouvernent également par l'entremise d'ordonnances royales (writ), des documents authentifiés par un sceau qui leur permettent de communiquer des ordres aux fonctionnaires royaux. Florence of Worcester records that "Willelmi iunioris germanus Ricardus" was killed in the New Forest long before, when recording the death of his brother King William II[39]. Le roi reprend le chemin de la Mercie et s'établit à Chester pour pacifier la région avant de retourner à Londres. 10. Harold was killed shortly before sunset and, as he would have received fresh reinforcements before the battle recommenced in the morning, he was assured of victory had he survived William's final cavalry attack. William is said to have been a faithful and loving husband, and their marriage produced four sons and six daughters. In particular, before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth. A Norman monk later wrote "As the fire spread rapidly, the people in the church were thrown into confusion and crowds of them rushed outside, some to fight the flames, others to take the chance to go looting.". GUILLAUME de Normandie ([1056/60]-killed in the New Forest 2 Aug 1100, bur Winchester Cathedral[67]). He was crowned again at Winchester 1070 with a Papal crown. Une nouvelle classe dominante, qui tient ses fiefs directement du roi et parle normand, supplante l'ancienne noblesse anglo-saxonne, contrainte pour partie à l'exil. ADELAIDE [Adelisa] de Normandie ([1055]-7 Dec, 1066 or after). Florence of Worcester records that King William was crowned "VI Kal Oct" of King William at Westminster Abbey[69]. Further, William claimed that Harold had pledged allegiance to him in 1064: William had rescued the shipwrecked Harold from the count of Ponthieu, and together they had defeated Conan II, Count of Brittany. Whether this was the case or not, Harold fell mortally wounded under the dragon standard of Wessex. Matthew of Paris places her as the fifth daughter (unnamed) betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi", but different from the daughter betrothed to Harold[89]. Roger et Waltheof sont emprisonnés et le second exécuté en mai 1076, alors que Guillaume a retraversé la Manche pour s'occuper de Raoul, qui cause des troubles en Bretagne[67]. His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. The barons exhibited no loyalty to the"'base born" child and thereafter William grew up in the school of adversity. Pour certains, comme Richard Southern, elle constitue un tournant fondamental : selon lui, les changements radicaux que connaît l'Angleterre sont sans équivalent en Europe entre la chute de l'Empire romain et le XXe siècle[106]. Ces deux mouvements s'effondrent rapidement lorsque Guillaume mène des troupes dans leur direction, répétant les méthodes qui ont déjà fonctionné dans le sud : construction de châteaux et mise en place de garnisons[55]. After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, he crossed at once to England before his rival, King Henry's daughter Maud, and had himself crowned as STEPHEN King of England at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135. Robert Curthose (1054–1134), Duke of Normandy, married Sybil of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Conversano. the 8th-10th century were descendants of Vikings from the northern countries of Europe (Danish William undoubtedly possessed considerable powers of leadership and courage. The chapel in the White Tower was built in the Norman style by William, using Caen stone imported from France. He left his father's deathbed in Normandy in Sep 1087 to rush to England to claim the throne, succeeding as WILLIAM II “Rufus” King of England, crowned at Westminster Abbey 26 Sep 1087. She became a nun there in 1075[63], her tutor being Arnoul de Choques who later became Chancellor to her brother Robert "Curthose" Duke of Normandy, and subsequently Patriarch of Jerusalem[64]. Il est vaincu et tué par Harold à la bataille de Stamford Bridge, le 25 septembre. On his deathbed, King Edward "the Confessor" bequeathed the kingdom of England to Harold Godwinsson. En islandais comme en féroïen, le mot hertogi, hertugi « duc » passe pour un emprunt au moyen bas allemand hertōge, hertoch « duc », de la même manière le suédois moderne hertig résulte du même emprunt au moyen bas allemand et le premier à porter ce titre est Birger Jarl(1210-1266). Harold and his brothers died fighting in the Hastings battle, removing any further organized Anglo-Saxon resistance to the Normans. N'étant pas parvenus à lever suffisamment de troupes pour défendre la ville, les chefs anglais choisissent de se soumettre à Berkhamsted, dans le Hertfordshire. 6. Les sources donnent des chiffres très variés pour l'armée d'Harold : certaines sources normandes font état de 400 000 à 1,2 million d'hommes, alors que la plupart des sources anglaises donnent des chiffres très faibles, peut-être dans l'intention de rendre la défaite plus acceptable[34]. As dusk began to fall over Hastings, William ordered his archers to fire high into the air and one of these arrows is said to have hit Harold in the eye, blinding him, although this point is disputed by some sources. She is named first in his list of King William's daughters by William of Malmesbury and by Matthew of Paris[58]. This devastation included setting fire to the vegetation, houses and even tools to work the fields. Duc de Bernay, in Normandy. Duke Guillaume branded Harold a perjurer and appealed to Pope Alexander II for support. Ch'est à la partie de Ricard II le Bon que le terme de Duc prend l'arlève sus le chen de jarl, les textes de l'époque n'hésitent pus mais entre les deux mots. Les préparatifs prennent plusieurs mois car il faut rassembler une armée suffisamment forte d'une part et construire une flotte suffisamment grande pour la transporter, d'autre part. Before his conquest of England, he was known as William the Bastard because of the illegitimacy of his birth. Count Simon resigned his county in 1077, became a monk and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he died[93].]. If this is correct, and even assuming that she was appointed abbess as a child, Mathilde must have been one of the oldest of her father´s children, but younger than her sister Adelaide. Under such circumstances, Northumbria rebelled, besieging York. In 1047, William reasserted himself in the eastern Norman regions and, with the aid of France's King Henry I, crushed the rebelling barons. Les soldats anglais forment un mur de boucliers au sommet de la colline, une stratégie qui cause de lourdes pertes dans les rangs normands. During the battle of 1079, William was unhorsed and wounded by Robert, who lowered his sword only after recognizing him. William defeated and killed King Harold at Hastings 14 Oct 1066[9], marched north to Canterbury, then west to Winchester where he captured the royal treasury. Quelques mariages avec des femmes anglaises sont attestés avant 1100, mais cette pratique semble avoir été d'abord rare, la plupart des Normands continuant à choisir leurs épouses dans des familles du duché ou ailleurs en Europe continentale[86]. L'une des conséquences les plus visibles de la conquête normande est le remplacement du vieil anglais comme langue des élites par l'anglo-normand, un dialecte de l'ancien français influencé par le vieux norrois. As a child, his life was in constant danger from his kinsmen who thought they had a more legitimate right to rule. CONSTANCE de Normandie (Normandy [1057/1061]-13 Aug 1090, bur Church of St Melans near Rhedon). En revanche, si l'on prend en considération l'élimination de la noblesse anglaise et la disparition du vieil anglais comme langue littéraire, ses conséquences sont profondes. The latter had received his pallium in 1058 from Pope Benedict X, later regarded as anti-Pope, an appointment which had not been regularised by Pope Alexander II. Il reçoit le soutien de Tostig dans son invasion. 1660, who acceded by virtue of the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the succession. According to Orderic Vitalis, Alain III Duke of Brittany was appointed his guardian during his father's absence in 1035[239]. -Royal Ancestors- by Michel Call, 1989, Chart # 11420. According to Eadmer of Canterbury, the reason for his visit was to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew Haakon, both of whom had been hostages in Normandy since 1051. This unique survey was known to history as the Domesday Book. Le roi d'Angleterre Édouard le Confesseur meurt au début de l'année 1066 sans laisser d'enfants. This turned out to be advantageous for William, however, as Harold Godwinson awaited William's pending arrival on England's south shores, Harold Hardrada, the King of Norway, invaded England from the north. Abandonné par la plupart de ses partisans, Tostig se réfugie en Écosse. À l'inverse, de nombreux Normands s'installent en Angleterre. William's illegitimacy affected his early life. The embarrassed William returned to Rouen, abandoning the expedition. De nombreux termes français font leur entrée dans le lexique anglais, tandis que l'onomastique subit également l'influence française, avec un gain de popularité de prénoms comme William (Guillaume), Robert ou Richard. Le duc Guillaume de Normandie affirme qu'Édouard l'avait choisi comme successeur, et qu'Harold avait juré de respecter cet arrangement[8], tandis que le roi de Norvège Harald Hardrada met en avant un accord conclu entre son prédécesseur, Magnus le Bon, et Hardeknut, le prédécesseur d'Édouard, en vertu duquel l'Angleterre et la Norvège reviendraient à l'autre si l'un d'eux mourait sans laisser d'héritier[9]. At dusk, the English army made their last stand. Orderic Vitalis recounts that "when a youth who had not yet received the belt of knighthood, had gone hunting in the New Forest and whilst he was galloping in pursuit of a wild beast he had been badly crushed between a strong hazel branch and the pommel of his saddle, and mortally injured" dying soon after[40]. Reforms William initiated many major changes. William imported an Italian, Lanfranc, to take the position of Archbishop of Canterbury; Lanfranc reorganized the English Church, establishing separate Church courts to deal with infractions of Canon law. La garnison d'York parvient à vaincre une nouvelle révolte peu après. Dès 1087, la mort de Guillaume est traitée de manière très différente par les chroniqueurs : l'auteur anonyme de la Chronique anglo-saxonne le fustige en vers, tandis que Guillaume de Poitiers n'a que des louanges à lui faire. In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England, then held by his childless cousin Edward the Confessor. [19] Examination of his femur, the only bone to survive when the rest of his remains were destroyed, showed he was approximately 5' 10" tall which was around two inches taller than the average for the 11th century.[20]. William's mother, Herleve, also had a daughter, Adelaide, to Duke Robert. L'imposition, en 1070, d'une pénitence générale à tous les soldats de Guillaume ayant tué ou blessé un adversaire lors de la bataille plaide également en défaveur de l'envoi d'une bannière au duc par Alexandre II[18]. Reigned 1066-1087. Corbin A. Matthew of Paris does not name her but lists her fourth among the daughters of King William, while distinguishing her from the fifth daughter betrothed to "Aldefonso Galiciæ regi"[43]. La majorité des paysans libres anglo-saxons semblent se fondre avec les serfs non-libres. After receiving a papal banner in response to this request, William gathered a sizable army during summer 1066 ready for invasion. After receiving continental reinforcements, William crossed the Thames at Wallingford, and there he forced the surrender of Archbishop Stigand (one of Edgar's lead supporters), in early December. Il parvient à obtenir sa soumission au prix de lourdes pertes[53]. La cour royale forme le cœur du gouvernement, aux côtés d'un système judiciaire qui s'appuie sur des tribunaux locaux et régionaux pour garantir les droits des hommes libres[91]. The only near certainty is that it would presumably have been the oldest available daughter who was betrothed to Harold. They were an ill-assorted pair, he strongly built and five feet ten inches tall and she ( as it emerged when her skeleton was exhumed) just over four feet tall, almost a dwarf. Le Domesday Book dénombre environ 28 000 esclaves en 1086, un chiffre inférieur à celui de 1066. Guillaume de Jumièges names Cecile as eldest daughter, stating that she was a nun at the convent of Holy Trinity at Caen[60]. La ville d'York ouvre ses portes à l'armée d'Harald, qui se porte ensuite sur le village voisin de Stamford Bridge[13]. m (Bayeux [1086/88]) as his first wife, ALAIN IV “Fergant” Duke of Brittany, son of HOËL V Comte de Cornouaille, de Léon et de Nantes & his wife Havise heiress of Brittany (-13 Oct 1119). Tout sur la série 1066 : On dit souvent de la Tapisserie de Bayeux qu'elle est la première bande dessinée de l'Histoire. Guillaume le Conquérant se fait sacrer roi d'Angleterre le 25 décembre 1066, dans la cathédrale londonienne de Westminster. Le dernier évêque natif d'Angleterre, Wulfstan de Worcester, meurt en 1095. His mother, Herleva (a name with several variant versions), who later married and bore two sons to Herluin de Conteville, was the daughter of Fulbert of Falaise (possibly Fulbert de Tonnerre). I have here no excuse whatever to offer, unless it be, as one has said, that of necessity he must fear many, whom many fear.'. UN NOUVEL ACTE DE GUILLAUME LE BÂTARD, DUC DE NORMANDIE (18 JUIN 1066) par . William's elder son Robert, enraged by a prank of his brothers William and Henry, who had doused him with filthy water, undertook what became a large scale rebellion against his father's rule. [18], Physical appearance No authentic portrait of William has been found. HENRY of England (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). William was born in either 1027 or 1028 in Château de Falaise in Falaise, Normandy, France, and more likely in the autumn of the later year. Son armée, réunie à Dives-sur-Mer, puis à Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, est composée non seulement de Normands, mais également de contingents venus de Bretagne et de Flandre, entre autres[16]. Marie Fauroux, « Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911-1066) », in Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, t. XXXVI, 1961. Edward the Confessor finally breathed his last in January, 1066, and was buried in his foundation of St.Peter, Westminster, which had been consecrated but ten days previously. D'autres sources affirment que le roi est mort au cœur de la mêlée sans qu'on puisse dire exactement comment, et Guillaume de Poitiers ne donne pas de détails non plus[45],[46]. Guillaume de Jumièges records a similar, but less specific, story, saying that Richard was hunting, knocked himself against a tree, fell ill and died from his injury[41]. C’était il y a 950 ans. William is believed to have been born in either 1027 or 1028, and more likely in the autumn of the later year. By disenfranchising Anglo-Saxon landowners, he instituted a brand of feudalism in England that strengthened the monarchy. . The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names (in order) "Balduinum Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" as the children of "Balduinum Insulanum [et] Adelam"[14]. The barons constantly rebelled and anarchy reigned in Normandy during the years of William's minority. William I (about 1027 or 1028 – 9 September 1087), better known as William the Conqueror (French: Guillaume le Conquérant), was Duke of Normandy from 1035 and King of England from late 1066 to his death. Dans nos archives, Yann Coz raconte l’une des plus longues batailles du Moyen Age. Back in Normandy, on reciept of this ominous news, the formidable Duke William flew into a rage. William was supported by King Henry I of France, however. William's appearance William matured into a tall, thick set man with dark hair, which receeded from his forehead early. William is known to have had nine children, though Agatha, a tenth daughter who died a virgin, appears in some sources. This does not instil confidence with respect to the historical accuracy of the whole passage, but if it is correct the daughter in question would presumably have been Agatha who was probably the daughter of King William betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ" (see above). L'une d'elles est la fin de l'esclavage, une institution qui a entièrement disparu au milieu du XIIe siècle[98]. Comte de Maine in 1063, after he conquered the county. Le nouveau comte, Robert de Comines, est tué à Durham avec plusieurs centaines de chevaliers. Malcolm est devenu le beau-frère d'Edgar Ætheling en épousant sa sœur Marguerite en 1069 ou 1070[65]. Morcar termine sa vie en prison, mais le roi gracie Hereward et lui restitue ses terres[64]. Most of the lands of the New Forest are poor agricultural lands, and archaeological and geographic studies have shown that the New Forest was likely sparsely settled when it was turned into a royal forest.[16]. Ces comtés sont dirigés par des fonctionnaires royaux, les reeves ou shire reeves, expression à l'origine du mot shérif[90]. Edward the Confessor attempted to gain Norman support while fighting with his father-in-law, Earl Godwin, by purportedly promising the throne to William in 1051. Agatha (c. 1064 – 1079), betrothed to Alfonso VI of Castile. Although there would be a number of other attempts over the centuries, the best that could be achieved would be excursions by foreign troops, such as the Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, but no actual conquests such as William's. Pendant ce temps, Harold, après avoir laissé une bonne partie de ses troupes dans le Nord, avec les comtes Morcar et Edwin, prend la direction du Sud à marche forcée[30]. On taking the town he exacted a terrible revenge and had both their hands and feet amputated. En septembre 1066, une flotte impressionnante estimée à sept cents navires, aborde les côtes du sud de l'Angleterre. A Latin inscription on the memorial reads NOS A GULIELMO VICTI VICTORIS PATRIAM LIBERAVIMUS – freely translated, this reads "We, once conquered by William, have now set free the Conqueror's native land". William of Malmesbury provides us with a detailed description of the king in his Historia Anglorum:-. Harold passe ensuite quelques jours à Londres. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "VI Kal Mai" of "Mathildis filia Willelmi regis Anglorum"[53]. Il accorde également des terres à Edgar Ætheling. Il apprend vraisemblablement la nouvelle du débarquement normand en route. Many of the Saxon fyrdd pursued the fleeing Normans down the hill. L'Empire byzantin, toujours à la recherche de mercenaires, est également une destination prisée des nobles et des soldats[83], au point que la garde varangienne, jusqu'alors principalement constituée de Scandinaves, devient un corps en majorité anglais[84]. Oct 14 1024 - Château De Falaise, Falaise, Basse-Normandie, France, French: Roi d'Angleterre Guillaume FitzRobert, le Conquérant, Château de Base-, Falaise, Calvados, Normandie, France, Ancestors of Robert Harry Chapman - Carpenter's Son, Robert I "the Magnificent", Duke of Normandy, Adelizia de Normandie, Princess of England, William "The Conqueror" Duke of Normandy, King of England Fitzrobert, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLAND,%20Kings%201066-1603.htm#WilliamIdied1087, Wikipedia on The Norman Conquest of England, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_01.shtml, http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/normans.htm. Henry "Beauclerc" (1068–1135), King of England, married Edith of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. The houscarls, Harold's trained professional militia, loyally and valiantly defended the body of their King to the last, but they too finally fell and Harold's body was mutilated by the Normans, a vindictive act, which William punished. Ces points de vue dépendent de la manière dont on mesure les changements survenus après 1066. Son of Robert I "the Magnificent", Duke of Normandy and Herleva of Falaise L’Educ de Normandie : site d'accompagnement du projet ENT pour les établissements du second degré de la Basse-Normandie, du Calvados, de la Manche et de l’Orne At this time, the winds William had been pensively awaiting turned favourable and he set sail with his massive invasion fleet. La conquête normande devient rapidement un enjeu historiographique. Il fonde un deuxième château à York pour surveiller la ville et laisse des renforts dans la région avant de retourner dans le sud. Carte des principaux événements de l'année 1066 en Angleterre. Orderic Vitalis names her Agatha, identifying her as the daughter who had been betrothed to Harold Godwinson (see above), and says that she was betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ"[88]. Produit et réalisé par Normandy Productions, ce film relate la conquête de l'Angleterre en 1066 par le Duc de Normandie, Guillaume dit "le Conquérant". William reached Berkhamsted a few days later where Ætheling relinquished the English crown personally and the exhausted Saxon noblemen of England surrendered definitively. Only with King Philip's additional military support was William able to confront Robert, who was then based in Flanders. More controversial are possible changes in law, royal administration, trade, agriculture, the peasantry, women's roles and rights, and education. There were other potential claimants, including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, who was named the next king by Edward on the latter's deathbed in January 1066. La société anglo-saxonne étant déjà en pleine évolution avant la conquête, celle-ci ne représente pas une réforme radicale, même si elle reste un événement brutal. MATHILDE de Normandie (-26 Apr or 6 Jul [1113]). Afin de s'assurer la fidélité de l'Église, Guillaume obtient la déposition de l'archevêque de Cantorbéry Stigand et son remplacement par l'abbé normand Lanfranc. Loin d'honorer l'accord conclu avec Guillaume, Sven Estridsen arrive en Angleterre en 1070 pour prendre la tête de sa flotte en personne. Invaded England defeated and killed his rival Harold at the Battle of Hastings and became King. Le roi les renvoie chez eux le 8 septembre afin qu'ils puissent participer aux récoltes[11]. [14] However, to the new Norman noblemen, William handed the English parcels of land piecemeal, dispersing these widely, ensuring nobody would try conspiring against him without jeopardizing their own estates within the still unstable post-invasion England. Following the capture of Jerusalem, Robert left Palestine to return to Europe in Sep 1099[29]. He was devout and inspired loyalty in his followers, but could also be ruthless and cruel. William is sometimes also referred to as \"William II\" in relation to his position as the second Duke of Normandy of that name. Les événements de l'après-midi sont plus confus, mais le moment déterminant semble avoir été la mort d'Harold, dont différentes versions existent. This is contradicted by William of Malmesbury[48], who says that her death before that of Edward "the Confessor" was taken by King Harold II as marking absolution from his oath to Duke Guillaume. William's grave is currently marked by a marble slab with a Latin inscription; the slab dates from the early 19th century. The Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris records that "Willelmus…Roberti filius" was buried "Cadomi in ecclesia beati Stephani" which he had built[13]. Constance (c. 1066 – 1090), married Alan IV Fergent, Duke of Brittany; poisoned, possibly by her own servants. Comme dans l'aristocratie, la conquête s'accompagne d'un renouvellement des effectifs au détriment des Anglais. He died September 9, 1087 from complications of a wound he received in a siege on the town of Mantes.